![]() ![]() They then conquered or gained suzerainty over the Ayyubids' Syrian principalities. ![]() The Mamluks under Sultan Qutuz and Baybars routed the Mongols in 1260, halting their southward expansion. The first rulers of the sultanate hailed from the mamluk regiments of the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub ( r. 1240–1249), usurping power from his successor in 1250. Mamluk history is generally divided into the Turkic or Bahri period (1250–1382) and the Circassian or Burji period (1382–1517), called after the predominant ethnicity or corps of the ruling Mamluks during these respective eras. The sultanate was established with the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt in 1250 and was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. The Abbasid caliphs were the nominal sovereigns. It was ruled by a military caste of mamluks (manumitted slave soldiers) headed by the sultan. The Mamluk Sultanate ( Arabic: سلطنة المماليك, romanized: Salṭanat al-Mamālīk), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz (western Arabia) from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries. ![]()
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